Francis Bacon Pioneering Scientific Philosophy - 1513 Words

Francis Bacon: Pioneering Scientific Philosophy Francis Bacon demonstrated true brilliance in a time where people were finally starting to be curious about the world. His life, the late 1500s and early 1600s, was a time where previous scientific discoveries were being reformed and new discoveries were being introduced. Francis Bacon, a visionary for his time, was submersed in many events and influenced by many people, which in return allowed Bacon to produce some of his greatest theories and notions in many scientific fields. Francis Bacon produced many ground breaking discoveries made in many scientific fields, including; natural philosophy (or as referred to today as natural science), justice and law, and government. The first English circumnavigation performed by Sir Francis Drake could have opened many doors to many scientific fields, not only natural philosophy. Firstly this great event could have allowed natural philosophers, like Bacon, at the time to catalog and explore many unheard of plants and animals. As for social sciences, this could have been an opportunity to see how other populations ran their government, which in turn could have even sparked an earlier and more rapid scientific revolution. Drake gave all scientists alike, including Bacon, hope for things such as new plants, animals, people, culture, and most importantly new knowledge. (Gale Group) Another event which had shaped Bacon’s theories and the society surrounding him was the Protestant Reformation.Show MoreRelated was there a Scientific Revolution In The Early Modern Era?2170 Words   |  9 Pages Was There A Scientific Revolution In The Early Modern Era? The expression The Scientific revolution is a controversial term in itself. 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No part of this book may be reprinted or Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesaccept new goals, new ideas, new approaches?† â€Å"How can I invigorate those who feel outdated and left behind?† â€Å"How do I help the ‘survivors’ of a downsizing pick up the pieces and move on?† â€Å"How do I help people with very different agendas and philosophies work together, especially during periods of high stress and uncertainty?† Anyone tempted to dismissively argue that the answers to these questions are â€Å"common sense† would do well to recall Will Rogers’ pithy observation: â€Å"Common sense ain t commonRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pages000,000 2,500–1,000,000 Large business general processing Server in client/server applications Large Web server Widest range of applications Supercomputers $1,000,000–$100,000,000 250,000–3,000,000,000 Numerically intensive scientific calculations Very large Web server Client/server applications involve dividing the processing between a larger computer operating as a server and a smaller machine operating as a client; this idea is explored in depth in Chapter 5. b CAD

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Research Paper Writing Service

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Labor Economics Skill Based Pay Systems

Question: Discuss about the Labor Economics Skill Based Pay Systems. Answer: Introduction The organizations operating at the large scale are concerned about managing the labor problems. This involves management of pay and performance of the employees. The pay and performance are correlated to each in the positive manner. This implies that when the employees get higher pay, it is generally assumed that their performance will also be higher. On the other hand, when the employees get pay less than the average market rates, it is normally observed that their performance also goes down (Hill Jones, 2009). Further, there are other adverse situations that may arise in the firm paying low wages such as high employee turnover, labor strikes, outrage etc. Further, from the organizational view point, when the firm pays higher wages, it incurs high cost which reduces its profits. However, the increased cost due to high wages may be compensated by increased productivity of the labor. Thus, it is crucial to maintain an adequate balance between the pay and performance to achieve the lo ng term goals of the organization (Hill Jones, 2009). This report is focused on carrying out the discussion in the pay and performance related theories and issues. The discussion in this report extends to efficiency wage theories which aim to assist in striking out proper balance between the pay and performance of the employees. Further, the report also provides practical application of the theories in resolving the pay and performance related issues. The theoretical knowledge is of no use unless it has been applied to make the things work in the practical environment. Therefore, the efficiency wages theories as discussed in this report have been practically applied to resolves the conflicts. Background of the organization Fair Work Commission Australia The Fair Work Commission Australia was established in the year 2009 with the primary aim of providing for administration of the matters related to workers pay. The commission has been set up under the special statue namely Fair Work Act 2009 (Australian government, 2016). The overall functioning of the commission is handled by the president of the commission with the assistance of administrative staff. The act contains all the provisions pertaining to the industrial relations between the workers and the employers. Further, Fair Work Commission also provides services of a tribunal in the matters related to the workplace relations. Apart from that the functions of the commission also include providing for the rules to set minimum wages, setting the fair process of bargaining, providing for conditions to be included in the employment agreement. Moreover, the commission is also involved in dealing with the disputes between the workers and the employers (FCW, 2017). Literature Review The theory of motivation states that positive attitude towards the work could be created among the employees by rewarding and praising them. Further, it states that the output of the workers largely depends upon the effectiveness of pay (Reilly, 2003). The pay and performance are directly related to each other. However, the impact of pay and performance on the firms profits is just opposite of each other. The pay to employees is the cost and thus, it reduces the profits and conversely, performance is output and thus, it increases profits. The crucial thing for a firm is to maintain adequate balance between the two to achieve the goals and objectives of the business. With the aim to explore the key concepts, ideas, and theories related to pay and performance, literature review has been carried as under: General Labour Supply and Backward Bending Labour Supply Curve The labour supply theory establishes the concept of labour hours that a worker would wish to work for a given level of wage rate (Dunlop Segrave, 2016). The concept is depicted graphically by plotting the wages rate on vertical axis and hours on the horizontal axis. There is a direct relationship between the wages rate and working hours. It has been observed that with the increase in the wages rates the number of hours also increases. However, this relationship can exist up to certain limit only because there are limitations on the working capacity of a worker. There comes a third factor, apart from the wages rate and working hours, namely labour leisure. Definitely a worker could earn more by working more hours, but then there has to be a cut in the leisure time (Dunlop Segrave, 2016). Thus, there must be a balance between working hours, leisure time, and wages rate to achieve the optimal performance output. The labour supply curve given below depicts these relationships: Figure 1: Backward Bending Labor Supply Curve (Smith, 2003) From the chart presented above, it could be observed that the labor supply curve is bending backwards. There are two crucial things in the formation of labor supply curve such as substitution effect and income effect. The substitution effect precedes the income effect (Smith, 2003). As per the principle of substitution effect, when the workers get increment in the wages, it allures them to work more. Therefore, with the increase in the wages, the workers are willing to increase the number of working hours. However, the substitution effect remains up to a certain limit and then it is replaced by the income effect. The arrival of income effect causes the labor supply curve to bend backwards. The income effect arrives when the wage rate has reached to the level where workers needs are satisfied. Since the wages rate has gone higher, now the worker can earn needed money in less time, therefore the number of working hours get decreased. The decrease in number of working hours with the inc rease in wages rate causes the labor supply curve to bend backwards (Smith, 2003). Efficiency Wage Theory: Shirking Model, Turnover Model, and Adverse Selection Model The wages efficiency theory provides crucial concepts that help in brining effectiveness in the performance through optimization of pay of the workers. This theory helps in exploring the ways to increase the output of the workers (Yellen, 2013). According to this theory, the firms can achieve improvement in the output of the workers by paying them at the rate higher than the average market rate. The term efficiency wages means paying the workers according to the individuals efficiency. This implies that there will be differentiation in the workers pay depending upon the efficiency. However, the modern efficiency wages theory states that paying the workers higher than the market clearing rate would benefit the firms not only in the form of increased productivity, but also in various forms. For example, it helps in avoiding the shirking of the workers resulting in reduction in the labor turnover. Further, as the labor turnover is low, thus, it also helps in reducing the labor recruitme nt and training costs (Yellen, 2013). The shirking model further extends the principles of efficiency wages theory by stating that paying worker more than the market equilibrium will help in avoiding employee from shirking (Cahuc, Carcillo, Zylberberg, 2014). The extra pay will induce them to work for the firm for longer time, which would be helpful in improving the productivity and reducing the costs. As per the shirking model, it is crucial for the firms to pay higher than market average to motivate the workers to make full effort. This model assumes that the firms have limited resources to deploy in monitoring the workers. Further, the fact is that the firms can not eliminate shirking even by deploying huge amount of resources. This is because monitoring and controlling can not change the attitude of the workers. In order to change the attitude of the workers, it is important to motivate them through rewarding them and paying them higher wages. It is crucial to note that paying higher wages to the workers would be le ss costly than spending on the monitoring and controlling measures (Cahuc, Carcillo, Zylberberg, 2014). The turnover model also advocates the efficiency wages theory. As per this model, the labor turnover is very costly for the firms. The labor turnover not only affects the productivity but is also causes additional cost to be incurred in hiring and training the workers (Deb, 2009). This model suggests that in order to avoid the costs of labor turnover, the firms have to pay wages higher than the market average. The inducement of higher wages is necessary to retain the employees for longer time period. Though, it is not necessary that the labor turnover would be eliminated in full, but certainly it would be reduced greatly by paying incentive to the workers. Further, the adverse selection model also states that the firms paying higher wages achieve higher productivity. The model prescribes that the firms paying higher wages are able to higher more capable workers. This model assumes that the ability of the workers and their pay directly relates to each other (Deb, 2009). Pay-Performance Structure The pay structure of the firms should such that promotes equality and stability in the long run and enhances workers efficiency. These objectives can be achieved by linking the pay with the performance (De Silva, 2017). The determination of the wages through government regulations need to be restructured by incorporating the performance as the crucial factor. The traditional system of wages determination took factors such as seniority, cost of living, and profits into consideration in deciding the wages of the workers. The linkage of workers performance with the pay was missing. Further, the consideration of long term impact on the profits was also missing in determining the wages rates. The firms used to focus on reducing the costs and improving the current profits. However, cutting costs to improve profits in the short run is dangerous for long term sustainability (De Silva, 2017). It is the established fact that sustaining long term growth in productivity is not possible without increase in the real wages rates. In the year 1980, Singapore changed the wages rate system to increase the wages rates (De Silva, 2017). The increase in wages rates by linking the wages pay to the performance is necessary to enhance productivity of the workers. Practical Application of Efficiency Wage Theory and Pay Performance Structures The essence of efficiency wages theory is that the firms should structure the wages rates by linking them to the performance of the workers. The theory states that the firms have to pay additional wages to retain employees for long time and achieve the long terms sustainability (Li, Liu, Li, 2008). However, implementing the system of pay that is based on performance measurement is not as simple as it might look like. In order to implement concepts of efficiency wages theory, the firm has to be equipped with effective evaluation measures. Further, the performance evaluation system of the firm should work in an unbiased manner. The parameters to evaluate performance of a class of employees should be applicable equally to all the workers in that particular class (Li, Liu, Li, 2008). The firms in Singapore are opting for the performance based wages systems so as to focus on optimizing the output and ensuring long term sustainability (DBS, 2014). The remuneration report of DBS bank discloses that the banks remuneration policy is aimed at attracting, motivating, and retaining employees. The bank seeks to link the pay of workers with their performance. The total compensation of the workers contains both the fixed as well as variable component. The fixed component comprise of salary while the variable component consists of incentives and bonus which are linked with the performance (DBS, 2014). Figure 2: DBS bank Pay Structure (DBS, 2014) The fixed salary offered by the company is competitive and comparable to the market average, which makes it attractive for the workers. Further, the DBS adopts analytical approach in fixing the salary by taking into account the factors such as market dynamics, skills, and experience. The fixed salary is reviewed for increment on an annual basis considering the market conditions. The bank makes every effort to retain the right talent through increments in the salary at the rate higher than the average market rate (DBS, 2014). Further, the variable part of compensation comprises cash bonus and incentives which are linked to the performance of the workers on individual basis as well on group/department basis. The bank maintains adequate system for performance evaluation which is crucial to implement the performance linked compensation policies. For the bonus eligibility, the workers performance is evaluated based on the balanced score card methodology (DBS, 2014). The balance score card helps in linking the performance measurement with the organizations overall goals and objectives (Niven, 2010). Further, the bank also offers awards to the workers on achieving the target output. In addition to this, the bank also provides deferred incentives or rewards in the form of shares to retain the talented employees. The share based incentives accrue over the years because these are given to retain the employees. The benefits of linking the pay of workers to their performance are enormous. The firms can make differentiation points by adopting a superior pay performance structures. The quality and quantity both are affected positively when the workers are kept motivated and interested in their job. DBS has been able to get a competitive edge by retaining skilled and experienced workforce and the primary reason for this retention of the skilled and experienced has been the pay performance structure of the bank (DBS, 2015). However, there are various challenges in implementing the pay performance system within a firm. The meaningful evaluation of the performance is always the biggest challenge. Further, it is not sure that performance of every worker will improve because everyone does not get motivated by money (Li, Liu, Li, 2008). Recommendations and Comments Based on the findings of the report, it could be recommended to the Fair Work Commission Australia to adopt a suitable pay performance structure that promotes equality and motivates the worker to work efficiently (Wilkinson et al., 2009). The commission should set the wages rates keeping a portion fixed and other as variable. The variable portion of the wages pay should be directly linked to the performance of the workers. Further, the firms should implement incentive policies on same lines as implemented by DBS bank. The firms should also have adequate mechanism for making effective evaluation of workers performance. In this regards, it is recommended that the firms should adopt balanced score card strategy as the mechanism for performance evaluation (Wilkinson et al., 2009). Conclusion The discussion carried out in this report revolves around the issue of fixing the pay of workers based on the performance. In this regards, the report provides discussion on the efficiency wages theory and various concepts connected with this theory such as employee shirking and employee turnover. The efficiency theory is based on the belief that the firms paying higher wage only can sustain in the long run. The firms can retain the workers for longer time by paying them higher wages than the market equilibrium rate. The retention of workers is important to reduce labor turnover and enhance the workers efficiency. Further, the reduction in the employee turnover also reduces the recruitment costs such as hiring cost and training cost. Therefore, it is crucial to implement the performance based pay to achieve the long terms goals and objectives of the firm. References Australian government. 2016. Fair work act 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C01108 Cahuc, P., Carcillo, S., Zylberberg, A. 2014. Labor Economics. MIT Press. DBS. 2014. Remuneration Report of DBS of 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2017, from https://www.dbs.com/annualreports/2014/pdfs/governance/dbs-2014ar-remuneration.pdf DBS. 2015. DBS Group: How we create value. Retrieved March 13, 2017, from https://www.dbs.com/annualreports/2015/how-we-create-value/index.html De Silva, S. 2017. An introduction to performance and skill-based pay systems. Retrieved March 13, 2017, from https://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/actemp/downloads/publications/srspaysy.pdf Deb.T. 2009. Managing Human Resource and Industrial Relations. Excel Books India. Dunlop, J. Segrave, M. 2016. The Theory of Wage Determination. Springer. FCW. 2017. About us. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from https://www.fwc.gov.au/about-us Hill, C. Jones, G. 2009. Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach. Cengage Learning. Li, Y., Liu, W., Li, H. 2008. The Theory of Pay Effectiveness. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(6), pp. 93-96. Niven, P.R. 2010. Balanced Scorecard Step-by-Step: Maximizing Performance and Maintaining Results. John Wiley and Sons. Reilly, P. 2003. The link between pay and performance. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp18.pdf Smith, S.W. 2003. Labour Economics. Psychology Press. Wilkinson, A., Bacon, N., Redman, T., Snell, S. 2009. The SAGE Handbook of Human Resource Management. SAGE. Yellen, J.T. 2013. Efficiency Wage Models of Unemployment. American Economic Association, 74(2), pp. 200-205.

Vodafone Acquire Hutch free essay sample

Merger is defined as combination of two or more companies into a single company where one survives and the others lose their corporate existence. The survivor acquires all the assets as well as liabilities of the merged company or companies. Generally, the surviving company is the buyer, which retains its identity, and the extinguished company is the seller. Acquisition in general sense is acquiring the ownership in the property. In the context of business combinations, an acquisition is the purchase by one company of a controlling interest in the share capital of another existing company. Purpose of Mergers Acquisitions (1) Procurement of supplies: 1. To safeguard the source of supplies of raw materials or intermediary product; 2. To obtain economies of purchase in the form of discount, savings in transportation costs, overhead costs in buying department, etc. 3. To share the benefits of suppliers economies by standardizing the materials. (2) Revamping production facilities: 1. To achieve economies of scale by amalgamating production facilities through more intensive utilization of plant and resources; 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Vodafone Acquire Hutch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To standardize product specifications, improvement of quality of product, expanding 3. Market and aiming at consumers satisfaction through strengthening after sale Services; (3) Market expansion and strategy: 1. To eliminate competition and protect existing market; 2. To obtain a new market outlets in possession of the offeree; 3. To obtain new product for diversification or substitution of existing products and to enhance the product range; (4) Financial strength: 1. To improve liquidity and have direct access to cash resource; 2. To dispose of surplus and outdated assets for cash out of combined enterprise; 3. To enhance gearing capacity, borrow on better strength and the greater assets backing; (5) General gains: 1. To improve its own image and attract superior managerial talents to manage its affairs; 2. To offer better satisfaction to consumers or users of the product. (6) Own developmental plans: The purpose of acquisition is backed by the offeror company’s own developmental plans. A company thinks in terms of acquiring the other company only when it has arrived at its own development plan to expand its operation having examined its own internal strength where it might not have any problem of taxation, accounting, valuation, etc. (7) Strategic purpose: The Acquirer Company view the merger to achieve strategic objectives through alternative type of combinations which may be horizontal, vertical, product expansion, market extensional or other specified unrelated objectives depending upon the corporate strategies. Types of Mergers (A)Vertical combination: A company would like to takeover another company or seek its merger with that company to expand espousing backward integration to assimilate the resources of supply and forward integration towards market outlets. The acquiring company through merger of another unit attempts on reduction of inventories of raw material and finished goods, implements its production plans as per the objectives and economizes on working capital investments. (B)Horizontal combination: It is a merger of two competing firms which are at the same stage of industrial process. The acquiring firm belongs to the same industry as the target company. C)Circular combination: Companies producing distinct products seek amalgamation to share common distribution and research facilities to obtain economies by elimination of cost on duplication and promoting market enlargement. (D)Conglomerate combination: It is amalgamation of two companies engaged in unrelated industries like DCM and Modi Industries. The basic purpose of such amalgamations remains utilization of financial resources and enlarges debt capacity through re-organizing their financial structure so as to service the shareholders by increased leveraging and EPS, lowering average cost of capital and thereby aising present worth of the outstanding shares. BACKGROUND Vodafone India, formerly Vodafone Essar and Hutchison Essar, is the second largest mobile network operator in India after Airtel. It is based in Mumbai, Maharashtra and which operates nationally. It has approximately 146. 84 million customers as of November 2011. On July 2011, Vodafone Group agreed terms for the buy-out of its partner Essar from its Indian mobile phone business. The UK firm paid $5. 46 billion to its Indian counterpart to take Essar out of its 33% stake in the Indian subsidiary. It will leave Vodafone owning 74% of the Indian business, while the other 26% will be owned by Indian investors, in compliance with Indian law. On 11 February, 2007, Vodafone agreed to acquire the controlling interest of 67% held by Li Ka Shing Holdings in Hutch-Essar for US$11. 1 billion, pipping Reliance Communications, Hinduja Group, and Essar Group, which is the owner of the remaining 33%. The whole company was valued at USD 18. 8 billion. The transaction closed on 8 May, 2007. It offers both prepaid and postpaid GSM cellular phone coverage throughout India with good presence in the metros. Vodafone India provides 2. 75G services based on 900 MHz and 1800 MHz digital GSM technology. Vodafone India launched 3Gservices in the country in the January-March quarter of 2011 and plans to spend up to $500 million within two years on its 3G networks. COMPANY PROFILE Hutchison Essar (1992-2007) In 1992, Hutchison Whampoa and its Indian business partner – Max Group, established a company that in 1994 was awarded a licence to provide mobile telecommunications services in Mumbai and launched commercial services as Hutchison Max in November 1995. In Delhi, Uttar Pradesh (East), Rajasthan and Haryana, Essar Group was the major partner. But later Hutch took the majority stake. By the time of Hutchison Telecoms Initial Public Offering in 2004, Hutchison Whampoa had acquired interests in six mobile telecommunications operators providing service in 13 of Indias 23 licence areas and following the completion of the acquisition of BPL Mobile that number increased to 16. In 2006, it announced the acquisition of a company (Essar Spacetel — A subsidiary of Essar Group) that held licence applications for the seven remaining licence areas. Initially, the company grew its business in the largest wireless markets in India — in cities like Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. In these densely populated urban areas it was able to establish a robust network, well-known brand and large distribution network – all vital to long-term success in India. Then it also targeted business users and high-end post-paid customers which helped Hutchison Essar to consistently generate a higher Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) than its competitors. By adopting this focused growth plan, it was able to establish leading positions in Indias largest markets providing the resources to expand its footprint nationwide. In February 2007, Hutchison Telecom announced that it had entered into a binding agreement with a subsidiary of Vodafone Group Plc to sell its 67% direct and indirect equity and loan interests in Hutchison Essar Limited for a total cash consideration (before costs, expenses and interests) of approximately $11. 1 billion. Timeline 992: Hutchison Whampoa and MAX group establish Hutchison Max 2000: Acquisition of Delhi operations and entry into Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Gujarat markets through Essar acquisition 2001: Won auction for licences to operate GSM services in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Chennai 2003: Acquired AirCel Digilink (ADIL — ESSAR Subsidiary) which operated in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh East and Haryana telecom circles and rebranded it Hutch. 2004: Launched in three additional telecom circles of India namely Punjab, Uttar Pradesh (West) and West Bengal. 2005: Acquired BPL Mobile operations in 3 circles. This left BPL with operations only in Mumbai, where it still operates under the brand Loop Mobile. 2007: Vodafone acquires a 67% stake in Hutchison Essar for $10. 7 billion. The company is renamed Vodafone Essar. Hutch is rebranded to Vodafone. 2008: Vodafone acquires the licences in remaining 7 circles and has starts its pending operations in Madhya Pradesh circle, as well as in Orissa, Assam, North East and Bihar. 2011: Vodafone Group buys out its partner Essar from its Indian mobile phone business. It paid $5. 46 billion to take Essar out of its 33% stake in the Indian subsidiary. It left Vodafone owning 74% of the Indian business. Vodafone Group Plc It is a British multinational telecommunications company. Vodafones main office is located in London, but the registered office is still in Newbury, Berkshire. It is the worlds second-largest mobile telecommunications company measured by both subscribers and 2011 revenues (in each case behind China Mobile), and had 439 million subscribers as of December 2011. Vodafone owns and operates networks in over 30 countries and has partner networks in over 40 additional countries. Its Vodafone Global Enterprise division provides telecommunications and IT services to corporate clients in over 65 countries. Vodafone also owns 45% of Verizon Wireless, the largest mobile telecommunications company in the United States measured by subscribers. Vodafone has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It had a market capitalisation of approximately ? 89. 1 billion as of 6 July 2012, the third-largest of any company listed on the London Stock Exchange. It has a secondary listing on NASDAQ. Vodafone acquires Essars Stake On March 31, 2011, Vodafone Group Plc announced that it would buy an additional 33% stake in its Indian joint venture for $5 billion after partner Essar Group exercised an option to sell the holding in the mobile-phone operator. The deal will raise Vodafone’s stake to 75%. Essar will exit the company after it implemented a put option over 22% of the venture. Vodafone exercised its call option to buy an 11% stake. In 2007, Vodafone granted options to Essar that would enable the conglomerate to sell its entire stake for $5bn, or to dispose of part of the 33 per cent shareholding at an independently appraised fair market value. In January 2011, Vodafone objected to Essar’s plans to place part of its 33% stake in India Securities, a small public company. Vodafone feared the move would give an inflated market value to Vodafone Essar. It had approached the market regulator SEBI and also filed a petition in the Madras High Court. The final shareholding pattern post this deal was not provided by the company as it was not clear whether Vodafones stake would exceed the 74 per cent FDI limit. Indian laws dont allow foreign companies to own more than 74% in a local mobile-phone operator. Vodafone has assured it will comply with local rules. Vodafone will have to sell that 1% to some Indian entity, or they’ll have to consider an initial public offering. Vodafone also said that final settlement is anticipated to be completed by November 2011. The completion of the deal would be subject to meeting certain conditions which include Reserve Bank of Indias permission as well as valuation of the deal.

Free Essays on Malcolm X And MLK Jr Comparison

Both Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were publicized as two of the most important figures in the African American Civil Rights struggle during their lifespan. However, both men’s upbringing and their experiences affected their ideology of resolving America’s racial struggles. â€Å"Martin King and Malcolm X were shaped by what Vincent Harding has called the ‘Great Tradition of Black Protest,’ a tradition that comprised many variations of nationalism and integrationism.† (Cone, p. 16). Both Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X came from families that instilled strong family values, religious values, and community involvement. However, during their early development, Martin’s family was able to protect him from the worst experiences of white racism while raising him in the southern United States while Malcolm’s family suffered from the negative effects of racism while raising him mostly in the northern part of the country. Th e difference in their location of development was that Malcolm’s family was affected more by the racial conflict in America than Martin’s family. Due to Malcolm’s experiences it was much harder for him to accept the good values among the general majority of the dominant race of white people in America than the optimistic perception of Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in 1929 and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. Both his father and grandfather were prominent Baptist preachers and leaders in the African American community. The community and its leaders fought against segregation with protest, accommodation, and self-help. The way in which they protested was for equality in an accommodating way of non-violence. It also provided the ideology of the self-help tradition to the African Americans by promoting the value of high achievement in education, business, and morality. Due to the strong influence of the community, religion, and his family values, Martin was able t... Free Essays on Malcolm X And MLK Jr Comparison Free Essays on Malcolm X And MLK Jr Comparison Both Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were publicized as two of the most important figures in the African American Civil Rights struggle during their lifespan. However, both men’s upbringing and their experiences affected their ideology of resolving America’s racial struggles. â€Å"Martin King and Malcolm X were shaped by what Vincent Harding has called the ‘Great Tradition of Black Protest,’ a tradition that comprised many variations of nationalism and integrationism.† (Cone, p. 16). Both Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X came from families that instilled strong family values, religious values, and community involvement. However, during their early development, Martin’s family was able to protect him from the worst experiences of white racism while raising him in the southern United States while Malcolm’s family suffered from the negative effects of racism while raising him mostly in the northern part of the country. Th e difference in their location of development was that Malcolm’s family was affected more by the racial conflict in America than Martin’s family. Due to Malcolm’s experiences it was much harder for him to accept the good values among the general majority of the dominant race of white people in America than the optimistic perception of Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in 1929 and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. Both his father and grandfather were prominent Baptist preachers and leaders in the African American community. The community and its leaders fought against segregation with protest, accommodation, and self-help. The way in which they protested was for equality in an accommodating way of non-violence. It also provided the ideology of the self-help tradition to the African Americans by promoting the value of high achievement in education, business, and morality. Due to the strong influence of the community, religion, and his family values, Martin was able t...

Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology

Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and physiology are two related biology disciplines. Many college courses teach them together, so its easy to be confused about the difference between them. Simply put, anatomy is the study of the structure and identity of body parts, while physiology is the study of how these parts function and relate to one another. Anatomy is a branch of the field of morphology. Morphology encompasses the internal and outward appearance of an organism (e.g., is shape, size, pattern) as well as form and location of external and internal structures (e.g., bones and organs anatomy). A specialist in anatomy is called an anatomist. Anatomists gather information from living and deceased organisms, typically using dissection to master internal structure. The two branches of anatomy are macroscopic or gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy focuses on the body as a whole and the identification and description of body parts large enough to be seen with the naked eye. Microscopic anatomy focuses on cellular structures, which may be observed using histology and various types of microscopy. Physiologists need to understand anatomy because the form and location of cells, tissues, and organs are related to function. In a combined course, anatomy tends to be covered first. If the courses are separate, anatomy may be a prerequisite for physiology. The study of physiology requires living specimens and tissues. While an anatomy lab is primarily concerned with dissection, a physiology lab may include experimentation to determine the reaction of cells or systems to change. There are many branches of physiology. For example, a physiologist may focus on the excretory system or the reproductive system. Anatomy and physiology work hand-in-hand. An x-ray technician might discover an unusual lump (change in gross anatomy), leading to a biopsy in which the tissue would be examined on a microscopic level for abnormalities (microscopic anatomy) or a test looking for a disease marker in the urine or blood (physiology). Studying Anatomy and Physiology College biology, pre-med, and pre-vet students often take a combined course called AP (Anatomy and Physiology). This anatomy portion of the course is typically comparative, where students examine homologous and analogous structures in a variety of organisms (e.g., fish, frog, shark, rat or cat). Increasingly, dissections are being replaced by interactive computer programs (virtual dissections). Physiology may be either comparative physiology or human physiology. In medical school, students progress to study human gross anatomy, which involves dissection of a cadaver. In addition to taking AP as a single course, its also possible to specialize in them. A typical anatomy degree program includes courses in embryology, gross anatomy, microanatomy, physiology, and neurobiology. Graduates with advanced degrees in anatomy may become researchers, healthcare educators, or continue their education to become medical doctors. Physiology degrees may be granted at the undergraduate, masters, and doctoral level. Typical courses may include cell biology, molecular biology, exercise physiology, and genetics. A bachelors degree in physiology can lead to entry-level research or placement in a hospital or insurance company. Advanced degrees may lead to careers in research, exercise physiology, or teaching. A degree in either anatomy or physiology is good preparation for studies in the fields of physical therapy, orthopedic medicine, or sports medicine.

Hispanic American Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hispanic American Diversity - Research Paper Example Among the major Hispanic groups, Mexican Americans take the major portion. The other groups, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, and others have relevant influence in America. These Hispanic or Latino groups, that constitute a major portion among the population of America, are not well considered in the land. This research paper takes a study on Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban, and central/south Americans and analyses the linguistic, political, social, economic, religious and familial problems of these groups in America. Mexicans: Mexicans are the largest group among the Latino Americans. They contribute about one third of all Hispanic groups: â€Å"as of 2002, about 23 percent of Mexican Americans are English dominant, 26 percent are bilingual, and 51 percent are Spanish dominant† (Schaefer, 2006, p. 241). It indicates that Mexicans in America use a different language other than what is commonly spoken in America. Many times the Mexicans are denied of their heritag e towards their language- Spanish. The people who speak Spanish are considered to be less able before those who speak English. This language handicap is there among the people of Mexican Americans. The author, Schaefer in the same book makes out the distinction of Mexicans in terms of language. The students who speak Spanish were separated from the other students and bilingual education started with the hope of changing their native language towards English. The main objective of bilingual education turned to teach English as second language (ESL) among the Spanish spoken students of America in a way paved way for discouraging Spanish and establishing the supremacy of English. This language barrier affected the Mexicans in other aspects like political, social, religious and economic spheres. In the political realm many Hispanic members are considered to be non citizens and are denied to vote. Jamieson et al. observe that â€Å"at the time of the 2000 presidential election, 39 perce nt of Hispanics of voting age were non-citizens compared with only 22 percent of White non-Hispanics† (Schaefer, 2006, p. 245). This indicates that many of the Hispanic groups are not accepted in America. They are cut off at many levels. Even though much disparity is there, the political notion and involvement of Mexicans in it are on the move. If the American political scenario is watched carefully it can be understood that Democrats have gained much benefits from the Hispanic groups. It was evident in the election 2000. Schaefer says that in the election 2000, George W. Bush gained only 35 percent of their votes whereas Al Gore could gain 62 percent of the Hispanic vote. Most of the Mexicans are Roman Catholics and they consider much priority for religion whereas in America they face the language problems in religion too. The Mass in America is enacted mostly in English and these groups are denied to get actively involve with the Holy Mass. In the matters with economic too t he Hispanic Americans face hardships. Knowledge of English is considered to be a pre requisite for economic growth. In considering the economic levels of the Mexicans it can be stated that the economic level of Hispanic or Latino people are much lower than that of the non-Hispanic people. As the author states: â€Å"over the last twenty years, the proportion of Latinos in poverty has been two or three times that of non-Hispanic Whites†

Social Construction of Race Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Construction of Race - Essay Example Or he might consider himself as European because, though he lived in Asia, he lives as a European still. In this case, the basis for race classification is not physical feature but the cultural values of the person. This indicates that we can never know for sure the race of the person by looking at them. 2. Media is one powerful tool in shaping a society’s culture, values and preference. At the present time, the media is used by everyone. And we mean every form media, not just television or radio. Nowadays, the power of social media with the dawn of the World Wide Web is clearly visible. It shapes how people think and believe. Media can actually be used to open the perspective of different nations, not just in critical events such as war, economy and politics but also other issues concerning education, women and crime. Because media can now encompass all ages and all races, it can be used to create a venue for open dialogue between different societies in order to create resolu tions for different problems, whether it’s big or small. It can open a nation’s eyes on how their own people believe in but it also can bridge the gap between different nations.

The economic downturn Essay Example for Free

The economic downturn Essay A. Analysis The economic downturn across the United States caused a decrease in funding to performing arts. Thus a proposal to merge the Utah Symphony and Utah Opera companies was made. There have been very few mergers of this type in history. In 1963 the Madison Symphony Orchestra and Madison Opera merged. Also, in 1985, the Chattanooga Opera and Chattanooga Symphony combined. These entities remained combined for a period of time, but ultimately disbanded due to ideologies and methodologies that differed. The Utah Symphony and Utah Opera merger discussion began in December 2001. The cultures of both entities are very different and divergent. This leads to a process to unite the two companies that is a challenging process. A1. Bill Bailey Mr. Bailey’s position is to survive the economic downturn and reduced funding currently affecting the performing arts. He holds the position of board chairman for the Utah Opera Organization. Maslow’s hierarchy of need can help Mr. Bailey influence the behavior of those involved in both organizations by appealing to their interests. Human beings have biological and psychological needs. Biological needs are those needed to survive such as food and sleep. Psychological needs are those that provide positive reinforcement to that individual, such as, success and love. Maslow’s hierarchy of need address the physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization needed to influence human behavior on a basic level (Tay Deiner, 2011). Physiological needs address the desire to find human comfort and reasonable conditions. Safety needs, in regards to work, lead an individual to seek opportunities that provide job security, reasonable compensation, and work conditions that are safe. The love need leads individuals to seek out co-workers to bond with and provide positive daily interactions. The esteem need provides individuals with positive reinforcement and seek job challenges and promotions to help provide this reinforcement. Finally, the self-actualization need provides the individual  the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes and more challenging tasks that may arise. Leaders to motivate individuals can utilize a basic level of Maslow’s hierarchy. The Utah Opera and Utah Symphony both want to continue performing. The economic downturn has affected both entities and Mr. Bailey could appeal to the employees through use of Maslow’s hierarchy. The safety need can be met through continued job security, compensation, and work conditions should a merger go through. The love need or social need could be appealed upon through the use of the same leaders after the merger progresses. The performers would also have the same peers as before and would expand this peer group. The artistic expression and excellence could be preserved through employment of the same artistic leaders post-merger. This would also help with the self-actualization need, since positive reinforcement would be generated for the members of the musical companies. They would have been involved in the decision-making process and the ideals of keeping leaders that had previously been employed by the entities. This would help the musicians remain autonomy and actively seek challenges out to continue with motivation in the self-actualization arena. A2. Scott Parker Mr. Parker is the board chairman of the Utah Symphony. His position is to also survive the economic downturn affecting the performing arts. Mr. Parker must find supporters that are influential and willing to support the merger with the Utah Opera. Mr. Parker has one influential patron who is not willing to lend support for the merger. Mrs. Abravenal does not want the Utah Symphony to lose the prestige that it has found, especially since her husband, Maurice, was maestro of the Utah Symphony for 32 years. Mr. Parker can utilize Alderfer’s ERG Theory for motivation. The ERG Theory steps do not rely on each other to work. The ERG Theory consists of 3 distinct parts: existence, relatedness, and growth (Steel Konig, 2006). The existence needs are the desire for physiological well-being. The relatedness needs are the desire to develop relationships with others is meaningful. The growth needs are the desire to reach an individual’s full potential. The ERG Theory need for exis tence and the desire for physiological well being is the main motivator under this theory. A merger  would help the symphony maintain in existence, since they are financially unstable at this time. Mrs. Abravenal can be educated that support from opera supporters will help keep resources available that are not currently available when the entities are separated. The ERG Theory for relatedness need will be a second motivator under this theory. The human desire for meaningful relationships will provide positive reinforcement to those involved. The supporters of both companies do not want to see them fail and disappear. The passion of the supporters can be utilized and capitalized upon to create a relationship between the two companies. Finally, the ERG Theory for growth needs can provide positive reinforcement for both companies during the merger proposal. The companies are failing separately, but together they could flourish. Resources would be combined and supporters for both would be involved in the growth processes. Mrs. Abravenal could continue her husband’s vision and help keep the symphony alive and flourishing. A3. Power The future CEO of the combine entities is Anne Ewers. She has both positional power and personal power. She has formal positional power and has the authority to get things accomplished. Ms. Ewers has a legitimate leader role and expects her orders to be complied with. Positive legitimate power involves influencing others to effectively work better whereas negative legitimate power influences others to follow directions due to intimidation or fear of consequences. Ms. Ewers also has referent power. Referent power is the charisma an individual has from his or her own personality (Krietner Kinichki, 2010). Effective leaders have charisma that include positional and referent powers. Effectively using the powers together would allow Ms. Ewers to inspire through her own personality and lead by authority. A3a. Positional Power Ms. Ewers has a proven record in strengthening finances within an organization. She has been a proven and successful leader for many years within the industry. The following examples are characteristics important in positional power: * Centrality – Ms. Ewers would need to establish communication roles between the symphony and the opera. The central role would be important in the chain of command, since she would control the flow  of information to both entities. * Flexibility – Ms. Ewers would need to be able to adapt to frequently to the work environment. She must be ready to be diverse and produce unique ideas regarding the merger. * Visibility – Ms. Ewers must minimize the negative press surrounding the merger. She must capitalize on positive news regarding the merger and be available to communicate the information to the interested parties. Ms. Ewers must be open and available to those who have a vested interest in the company’s merger. * Relevance – Ms. Ewers must be able to provide accurate information that is relevant to the company’s needs. She must be able to communicate with staff to procure the required information from both companies and prioritize the goal and tasks for both. This should also include integration of the goals and tasks of the merger as well. A3b. Personal Power Ms. Ewers will need to use her referent power to influence those involved in the merger. She will need to gain support from Mr. Lockhart to help influence the merger. Ms. Ewers has a proven record of reducing financial obligation of organizations. She can work with Mr. Lockhart, who has the support of the symphony, to help everyone see the benefits of the merger. Ms. Ewers and Mr. Lockhart can be co-leaders during the merger process. This would help decrease the opposition from the musicians currently seen. A4. Organizational Performance The musicians for the symphony and orchestra have contracts that were hard fought for. A merger would challenge these agreements and the musicians are concerned they would lose their livelihood and artistic autonomy. Thus, a merger is not viewed positively. The symphony and orchestra both have different cultures. They are both run differently and have different expectations. It is clear they cannot be organized into one entity for simplicity. However, this causes potential issues. For instance, if donations were placed in a singular account for both organizations this could cause resentment among the musicians. Also, the musicians may not like answering to one governing board. This could lead to feeling unappreciated and resentment. However, should there be two governing boards, both sides would be represented equally and the musicians would feel  less resentment and more musical autonomy. The biggest challenge would be among pay for the musicians. The musicians for both entities must be paid competitively and fairly. Options for non-salaried positions may be a viable idea. The organizations must be committed to remain impartial and fair during the merger to reduce any animosity. A4a. Recommendations Christine Osborne is the chairwoman for the musicians and has presented their guiding principles to Ms. Ewers. The musician support is important to the organization during the merger. The musicians are dependent upon Ms. Ewers and Mr. Lockhart to become the future leaders within the new organization. Ms. Ewers is an authority in the industry and is the future CEO. Ms. Ewers has a proven record of reducing financial liability within organizations in the industry. She has the power to combine the organizations and utilize a singular vision for excellence in financial and artistic realms. She can use the guiding principles set forth by the musicians to demonstrate her desire to see the organization succeed. Ms. Ewers must first use her referent power to influence the leaders of the Utah Symphony and Utah Opera. She will be the future CEO of the newly formed organization and must demonstrate her vision for the future. This will hopefully provide sufficient motivation to gather support from both entities. Her referent power and vision must continue to provide a passion to the individual management team within the new organization. Ms. Ewer’s passion should extend to all involved and continue within the organization. This passion created within the organization can help develop self-actualization and esteem within all involved. Next, Ms. Ewer will need to focus on the financial stability of the new organization. The economic downturn has decreased the funding to the performing arts. Ms. Ewer will need to address the decreased funding and find additional funding through different avenues. Ms. Ewer is experienced in fund-raising and will be able to promote the organization via this avenue. Also, performer salaries will need to be revised. The musicians have a current agreement in place, but with the merger this would need to be renegotiated. A challenge Ms. Ewer will face is a decrease in salary for the musicians, but she may be able to effectively place emphasis on the new organization and the musicians desire to see it continue, instead of the old organization failing all together.  Finally, Ms. Ewer must put together a management team that will be empowered during the merger. This team must be trustworthy and desire to see the new organization succeed. Ms. Ewer must empower this team to remain pro-active during the merger and to promote the interest of the new organization. A5. Influence Tactics Leaders to promote new ideas often use rational persuasion. Rational persuasion relies on knowledge, reason and facts to encourage someone to follow or endorse an idea (Krietner Kinichki, 2010). Consultation influence is another tactic which allows individuals involved to participate in the decision making process. This gives everyone involved empowerment within the process. Ms. Ewer can utilize consultation influence to involve the musicians in the decision making process and provide empowerment throughout the merger. The decision making process can be enhanced through rationale persuasion. Ms. Ewer can provide background information on both entities and the precarious financial position both faces. This will provide necessary information to rationalize why a merger would be beneficial to both entities. The information provided can be including Ms. Ewer’s vision for the future of the new organization. Ms. Ewer would provide the information necessary to make an informed decision and empower them throughout the merger process. Conclusion The merger between Utah Symphony and Utah Opera requires key individuals be in place that have the knowledge and skills to make it successful. The two boards will need to be pro-active and back leaders Ms. Ewers and Mr. Lockhart. The task will be far from easy, but if prioritized and a determination and passion are unified then the task will be much easier to attain. References Kreitner, R., Kinicke, A. (2010). Organizational Behavior. 9th Ed., McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, NY. Steel, P. Konig,C. (2006). Integrating theories of motivation. Academy of Management Review 31: 889–91 Tay, L. Diener, E. (2011). Needs and subjective well-being around the world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 354–365.

Life of Pakistani Villagers :: Essays Papers

Life of Pakistani Villagers The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, a Muslim state, won its freedom from India in 1947. Sixty percent of its population lives in villages. Farmers or herders have jobs in nearby cities or towns. Traditional customs have a strong influence on the life in rural areas of Pakistan, e.g. men have more social freedom than women do. Women avoid contact with men outside their family, and they cover their faces with a veil in the presence of strangers. In the villages, family houses cluster tightly together along narrow alleys, sharing a tank or shallow pond for washing clothes and for watering vegetables and livestock. House walls are mostly built of mud, and they rise to meet thatched roofs. A typical home may have a few pieces of simple furniture with straw mats covering the bare earth floor. A few stone or brick houses shelter the wealthy landlords and merchants. Most of the villagers live in same-styled, mud houses and cooperate with each other in daily life. Pakistani villagers dress themselves very simply as compared to city people. The most common dress for both men and women is a 'Shalwar Kamiz,' which consists of loose trousers worn under a long overblouse. Women wear a 'Doppta' and strictly observe 'purdah' by hiding their faces and private parts of their bodies. Families within the houses are seldom composed of mother, father, and young children. The extended family is more customary in Pakistan. Sons bring their wives to their family home and rear their children there. The eldest father uses the joint earnings of the family members for their support. Farm families work in the fields, raise crops, and tend them. When the crops are ready, they harvest and sell them. During this entire period, women also help in the fields by seeding, watering, and tending the crops alongside the male members of the family. In the extended family, the eldest father supervises the outdoor work while the mother looks after the indoor work. The children help their parents run the house. Villagers normally eat very simple meals consisting of a vegetable curry, a gruel of parched grams or lentils eaten with a bread called 'Chapati' or 'Roti.' The women cook the food which they serve on trays set on the floor. Women eat separately after the male members of the family have taken their meal.

An enjoyable experience

My enjoyable experience is going to Alton towers with school, first of all we came in on the busses and by car in our own clothes then first we went to assembly and then on to registration. We got on the busses to go on our way to Alton towers the journey took about 2 and a half hours to get there when we got there we all got given a ticket too get in the we all went running of I was with Lindsey and Ella first we ran to oblivion it looked very scary but Mr Wynne persuaded me to go on it, oblivion is a ride at Alton towers that you go up a slight hill for about a minute and then when we got to the top, we went round a slight bent in the track and as soon as we got round the bend we thought we were just going to go and plummet but no we were hanging of the edge of the track for 3 seconds which felt like 10 minutes you can feel your heart pounding as you plummet 200 feet into a deep, dark underground hole. After that we found the ride air which on the ride you swoop, soar, dive and most people pretend to be superman you feel like you don't weigh a single pound. Then we went on the ride nemesis this ride is weird, takes you over rivers of blood and rock, the force will leave you breathless as you do the loop de loop. Then on the run again to rita the queen of speed, you might want to hold onto your eyeballs as you're catapulted at tremendous speed when the traffic lights turn green, the train goes from 0 to100 miles per hour in 2.5 seconds. You will come off tingling with excitement and your heart beating so fast. And off again on the run to ripsaw when you take your seat on the ride, no-one is safe from getting wet. The water rises and falls as you swing around in and out of the fountains and we got absolutely soaked. We also went on duel which is a haunted house and you have to shoot ghosts and ghools with a fake plastic gun while you are on a run away train. The flume was the last ride we went on before we had to get on the bus back to school, on the flume you should prepare to get wet, you climb into your bathtub which is like your boat, fly down drops and through waterfalls before finishing off in the power shower and you better watch out for the ducks.

Master and slave operation Essay

Bluetooth devices exist in small ad-hoc network configuration with the ability to operate as either master or the slave; the specification also allows a mechanism for master and slave to switch their roles. The configurations can be single point, which is the simplest configuration with one master and one slave. Multipoint, called a Piconet, based on up to 7 slaves clustered around a single Master. And a third type called a Scatternet, this is a group of Piconets effectively hubbed via a single Bluetooth device acting as a master in one Piconet and a slave in the other Piconet. The Scatternet permits either larger coverage areas or number of devices than a single Piconet can offer. Figure 5 outlines the different master and slave topologies permitted for networks in the standard (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). The role of the master is to control the available bandwidth between the slaves, it calculates and allocates how often to communicate with each slave and locks them into the appropriate frequency hopping sequence. The specification describes an algorithm that calculates the hop sequence, the seed being based on the master’s device address and clock. In addition to hop sequence control, the master is responsible for transmit control by dividing the network into a series of time slots amongst the net members, as part of a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) scheme. These time slots can consist of data and potentially additional voice traffic i. e. you will always need a data channel before you can add a voice channel. The time slot is defined as 625  µs and all packet traffic is allocated 1, 3 or 5 slots, grouped together in transmit and receive pairs. Prior to connection some operations such as inquiry, paging and scanning operations may sometimes occur on half slots (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). Figure 5: Point to point, Piconet and Scatternet. A. 2. 3 Voice and Data Links. Bluetooth carries communication traffic over two types of air interface links defined as Asynchronous ConnectionLess (ACL) or Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO). During a connection the links carry voice and data traffic in the time slots and are categorised as either time critical, as used for voice and audio, or high speed non-time critical data with a mechanism for acknowledgement and re-transmission. The first link established between master and slave is the ACL link and carries high speed data that is insensitive to time. It is packet switched, as the data is sporadic in nature, asynchronous, contains asymmetric and symmetric services and uses a polling access scheme. A master may be permitted to have a number of ACL links up to the maximum number of slaves permitted by the specification but only one link is allowed between any two devices (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). Once an ACL has been established a SCO link can be created on top of the ACL link. The SCO link is circuit switched; it has symmetric synchronous services and has slot reservation at fixed intervals, making it suitable for time critical data such as voice. The specification restricts the number of SCO links that a master can support to three. Summarising the two types of links: ACL ? Packet constructed of a 72 bit access code, a 54 bit packet header, a 16 bit CRC and Payload data ? Largest data packet is DH5 giving 723. 2 Kb/s as highest data rate in one direction. ? Non time critical data ? Asynchronous ? Packet switched ? Polling access SCO ? Same access code and header as ACL packets ? ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) and SEQ (SEQuence) flags redundant since flow control and re-transmissions do not apply ? Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) field is absent? Payload fixed at 30 bytes, with source data of 10, 20 or 30 bytes ? Circuit switched ? Symmetric synchronous services ? Slot reservation at fixed intervals A special case exists that mixes SCO and ACL packets. Known as the Data Voice (DV) packet it carries data and voice on regular intervals like the SCO. The voice data has no flow control or CRC as per SCO packets, whereas the data part of the DV packet has flow control, re-transmission of the data part is permitted and the data part is CRC protected (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†).

The Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation The first constitution of the United States was known as the Articles of Confederation. The Articles were written in 1977, after independence from Great Britain had been declared and while the American Revolution was in progress. As a constitution, the Articles had a short life. The document was not fully ratified by the states until 1781, and it remained in effect only until 1787. Under the Articles, Congress was the sole organ of government. Also under the Articles the thirteen states had most of the power, which led into many problems. Some of the many problems were that the states taxed import and export between states, no equality in number of votes according to the population, each state can volunteer to pay taxes, and also each state can produce their own money. All these problems led many people to bankruptcy and debt, which they could not pay off. In 1786, there was an uprising in Massachusetts in opposition to high taxes and stringent economic conditions.The Articles of Con ferderation, ratified in 1781. ...Shackled by war debts the government was forced to beg for concessions from each individual state. However, this was merely done on a voluntary basis. The government owed a substantial amount of money, some back-pay to members of her continental army. In a letter from Delegate Joseph Jones he writes George Washington, the "discontent of the army"‚ ¦that justice is not intended"‚ ¦in complying with the requests [for bonus and back pay]."‚  He continues that there is an "inability of Congress to pay their demands unless furnished with the means by the several states."‚  The federalists had financial impotence. The writers of these Articles failed to recognize the needs of the national government, blinded by their quest for unbridled individual liberty. In late 1782, the Congress proposed a tax, or impost, on imported goods. However, haunted by the demon they created, the...

Unexpected Origins of Common English Idioms

Unexpected Origins of Common English Idioms Unexpected Origins of Common English Idioms Idiom is a fixed expression with a figurative meaning. Idioms serve to make language bright and emotional. Very often its better to use an idiom in common speech to illustrate a particular situation, rather than describe it through specific details. The English language is full of weird idioms. Lets look back through history to find the origin of a few of them. To Blackmail’ means to demand money from somebody by means of immoral measures like violence, threats, or the potential to disclose private information. The idiom originated in Scotland around 1600. Scottish farmers paid the rent in silver coins. They were known as white money and spelled like mail or male. Additional payment, which clan chiefs extorted from the farmers using violence and threat was known as blackmail. Later, this word was adopted when around 1900 criminals started to send letters demanding money in order not to reveal personal secrets (Dalton, 2014). The expression: In a nutshell is used to say that some idea is explained in a very precise way with just a few words. The history tells that a long time ago many significant documents were transported inside a shell of a walnut. According to another version, the important documents would often be shortened; thus only vital points were included into handwritten copies (Delton, 2014). In such a way their size also could fit in a nutshell. The meaning of the idiom: Let the Cat Out of the Bag is commonly referred to as a phrase that means an information leak. This expression was coined in medieval times to speak about dishonest market sellers, who cheated naive buyers. Unfair merchants would place a cat in the buyer’s sack instead of a piglet (Delton, 2014). The substitution was discovered only when the sack was taken home and a cat jumped out of it! The expression: Mad as a Hatter is usually used to describe somebody whose actions are absolutely unpredictable. The idiom is well-known from a novel written by Lewis Carroll. But few people realize that it was used even before that. In the Middle Age, felt hats were made with the help of extremely toxic stuff. It was called marcurous nitrate and it often led to trembling in masters body, as if he was mad. Besides that, theres one more fact connected with this phrase. Robert Crab, who lived in the 17th century and gave all his money to poor people, wore a rather bizarre hat and was often called the mad hatter (Delton, 2014). The idiom: Red Herring is used to describe misleading information. However the explanation for the origin of this idiom is closely connected with hunting. Herring was widely caught in Britain during the 18th century. To keep it eatable for some period of time people would salt it and smoke, thus as a result, fish changed its color from gray into a dark brown, and acquired spicy smell. People used the smoked fish during the hunting season; they dragged it along the hunting paths and away from fox holes, so that the dogs could feel the smell of herring instead of fox (Delton, 2014). Using idioms in your everyday communication can show high level of your general knowledge and showcase your sufficient immersion in the cultural background. Just make sure you know the exact meaning of the idioms you use! Dalton. 36 Unexpected Origins Of Everyday British Phrases. 17 Apr. 2014. http://buzzfeed.com/

European Union Law Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

European Union Law Coursework - Essay Example The latter had been storing several chemical substances, including some of the chemical substances that had been specified in the Directive. In March 2007 Simon was hospitalized for mercury poisoning after eating vegetables from his garden. Mercury had been specified in the Directive. Investigations revealed that this mercury had leaked into Simon's garden from the adjacent Otis Chemicals' warehouse. Directives are the devices through which the European Council implements laws in the Member States of the European Union. Directives harmonise national laws with the European Union laws. The legal systems of the Member States are influenced significantly by the European Community, which governs the interests and rights of the Member States through its own organisations. There exists a unique and sovereign legal system that binds each Member State. This system was developed by means of the several Treaties, which created the EC legislation. One of the main pillars of the EU is the European Court of Justice or the ECJ. The ECJ had interpreted the nature and effect of Treaties, which is known as the doctrine of direct effect. It is a concept which enables aggrieved individuals to seek redressal in national courts if a Member State fails to implement the provision of a directive. The ECJ developed the notion of direct effect. Under this concept, individuals and organisations can use the provisions of the EC Law in a domestic court without having to wait for the Member State to satisfy an obligation which the Member State failed to execute. According to the ECJ, certain requirements have to be fulfilled for the provision of EC Law to gain Direct Effect. According to the notion of direct effect individuals can invoke community law to fulfil the required ratification for enforcement in their national courts. In other words, it empowers individuals to have a control similar to Article 226 EC, which bestows authority on the Commission to initiate proceedings against Member States for breaches. Direct effect permits each and every citizen of the Union to participate in the activities of the Union and it has brought the community into their lives. The legal aspects of direct effect have been established in Van Gend En Loos. The ECJ had held in this case that any individual of the Union can invoke Article 25 EC in order to restrict Member States that imposed additional customs duty on imports and exports and other charges that have equal effects. The Court also held that Article 25 EC was directly effective and individuals could challenge it in their national courts. The Court further held in its decision that individuals may have these rights conferred upon them directly under the provision of the various EU Treaties (Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen). In Pubblico Ministerio v Tullio Ratti, criminal proceedings had been initiated, under the national law, against the applicant for the alleged infringement of Italian legislation, which was very stringent in the matter of packing solvents. Ratti resorted to the community directive's direct effect as his defence and the outcome was that a preliminary reference was made to the European Court of Justice. The ECJ placed an estoppel argument with the objective of directly enforcing the directive (Pubblico Ministero v. Tullio Ratti ). The ECJ held that if a directive had

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Argument - Essay Example ts: one from the USA Today (Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S.) and the other published online in Denver Post (Gun rights and gun control arent necessarily exclusive). The discourse would present a separate examination of each article’s arguments including supporting contentions. A concluding portion would then assess which editorial was deemed most effective. The editorial article entitled â€Å"Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S.† published online in the USA Today on December 18, 2012 proffered issues that apparently compared the measures taken by Australia in terms of gun control. As an editorial article, the author comes from the Editorial Board, but was not specifically identified. The article’s main thesis was despite sharing similarities between the United States and Australia in terms of having previously experienced violent deaths due to indiscriminate firing of guns, Australia’s gun control policy which was enforced after a 1996 shooting eventually solved the dilemma. According to the discourse, Australian law on gun control necessitated categorizing firearms into five distinct classifications, where â€Å"some of the deadliest assault-style weapons and large ammunition clips are now all but impossible for individuals to lawfully own. (Further), firearms are subject to a strict permitting process, and dealers are required to record sales, which are tracked by the national and territorial governments†¦ (In addition,) the law encouraged people to sell their firearms back to the government, which purchased and destroyed about 700,000 of them† (Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S. pars. 4 & 5). Due to the passing of this law, the report disclosed that evident result was no violent gun-related incidents ever occurred. The author used logical arguments through the support of evidential historical records and citing credible findings that apparently revealed the effectiveness of gun control through the law enforced by

The Miranda Rights Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Miranda Rights - Term Paper Example Information that has been sourced from a criminal suspect that was not read his/ her Miranda rights is considered as being unconstitutional. The constitution is the supreme law of the land and must be adhered to by all individuals. Most criminal suspects that confess to committing a crime are forced to do so while under police custody. Law enforcement officers who interview such suspects usually make them feel that confessing is the only option of getting out of their situation easily. However, if a suspect is made to feel as if they have to confess, and they actually confess without having had their Miranda rights read to them, the evidence from what they say to incriminate themselves is admissible in court. History and purpose of Miranda rights The Miranda court case was introduced in 1966 in the case of Miranda versus Arizona. In this particular case, Ernesto Arturo Miranda was arrested on suspicion of kidnap and rape. Miranda was not informed right to remain silent and avoid self -incrimination when arrested. Miranda was also subjected to the physical stress of having had to stand for the whole day in the room where he was also interrogated. Miranda was also not informed of his Sixth Amendment constitutional right to seek legal counsel from a lawyer. After being identified by the victim, Miranda was made to sign a confession of the crime. The evidence in form of writing that was agreed to by Miranda was used against him in a court of law leading to a conviction of a period of 20- 30 years. Miranda’s lawyer appealed against the court case decision on the basis that his client was not mirandized (Goldstein & Goldstein, 20). The Supreme Court of Arizona upheld the previous court decision to use the confession evidence. The court cited that a confession admitting to a crime cannot be dismissed on any grounds. However, the court acknowledged that Miranda was not allowed the opportunity to access a lawyer (Prentzas, 93). The lawyer would have offered Mirand a legal advice to remain silent and not give out information that would have been incriminating and led to his conviction. Miranda was absolutely denied his Fifth and Sixth Amendment Constitutional rights. The court conviction was overturned on the basis that the information that was used to prosecute Miranda was coerced and that he was not informed of his rights. If Miranda was aware of his right to provide evidence before a lawyer or remain silent, he would not have incriminated himself. This court decision made the judicial stand and intent clear on the important of reading individuals their rights before they are interrogated. If a suspect who is in custody decides to remain silent during the question, it is well within his/ her legal rights. If the individual asks for legal counsel to be present during the questioning, the individual is also within his/ her rights (Siegel, 29). The decision by Chief Justice Earl Warren led to the naming of the Miranda rights as they are so know n till to date. The decision was considered to being controversial since it was considered that Miranda was guilty since he had been identified by the victim and he had agreed to sign the document that he had kidnapped and raped the victim in question. However, Miranda was arrested again on the basis of the victim’s testimony. However, the confession that had been signed by

The Internet A New Medium Of Communication Media Essay

The Internet A New Medium Of Communication Media Essay The internet allows society to communicate with people of all nationality and ages from every country in the world. It has provided the facilities its users most appreciate like the news on the web. Anyone with the skills can post any information on the web, Individuals who post information and use the internet do not need licences or permission which is the reason for such growth globally. The internet is changing the way we communicate but most importantly how we receive and transmit information. The internet is changing media use patterns and the lifestyles of millions of people who have grown to rely on it as a source of entertainment, information, and communication. People are discovering this interactive medium, and with it, new ways to access information and to communicate with others. The internet is becoming increasingly important in the lives of many people around the world. (Kaye and Medoff, 2001: p.2), I cannot emphasize the importance of the internet as many people not o nly use it to communicate but also for businesses either to advertise or to partner up with other businesses for parts of the world. Tim Berners -Lee created the World Wide Web as a means of sharing scientific information, he wrote the web software as an internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing. The internet comprises various text only resources and the World Wide Web, which presents information in text, graphic, video, and audio formats. It is this burgeoning internet resource that has captured the attention of millions, and since it is also having a great impact on traditional mass media. (Medoff and Kaye, 2001: p.3). Traditional mass media allows a one to many model of communication where an individual can speak once, but to many people, these are broadcast, satellite television and radio. However the internet allows a many to one model which is a cross between mass broadcasting and interpersonal communication, this allows people to choose the information they want and to ignore the rest. The ways in which we communicate are via Email and Chat Forums, Email was developed in the early days of the internet and is currently the most popular, efficient and widely used globally mean of communication. It keeps people connected whether for business or pleasure, the boundaries of email use inevitably overlap with our other metaphors for thinking about the information infrastructure. Chat forums allow the exchange of live conversations. Many argue that it is a new mass medium that delivers mass messages to a mass audience of web users, thus following the traditional one-to-many model of communication. For example, each web user who visits the CNN interactive page has access to the same information as everyone else regardless of their personal beliefs, attitudes, or opinions. (Kaye and Medoff, 2001: p.9) on the other hand new technologies are developed in order for individuals to select information. This way the internet is seen as a new interactive medium rather than a mass medium. The internet crosses the boundaries that have traditionally delineated the three modes of communication: mass (one to many), interpersonal one to one and computing many to one. By virtue of its nature, the internet allows for all three types of communication, with a fourth communication mode, many to many emerging. The internet is a vehicle for interpersonal communication and interactivity, mass delivered messages, and information storage, processing, and retrieval. It is a true communication phenomenon and one that allows many forms and styles of communication. (Kaye and Medoff, 2001: p.9). The internet changes the way we receive and provide information, we turn to the web for, information, news and entertainment, it is now common for television to be on the web as it enhances ones way of viewing television rather than just using a computer. We now have our favourite shows and news posted on the internet; it is set up so if we miss an episode we can always find it online with extras. This has increased the amount of internet users as it is convenient and comfortable. Without the time and space constraints that plague traditional media, web authors and designers are free to expand their offerings and produce web-only material and web versions of traditionally delivered fare. The web is exploding with sites that complement traditional offerings but also offer unique content found elsewhere. Electronic magazines and newspapers and online soap operas and talk shows are just a few examples of original content. The web is a unique medium where original and adapted content liv e side by side ( Kaye and Medoff, 2001: p.125). There are new means of communicating where the internet and television would work side by side; Google TV this new wave of technology is set to bring together all information, programs, the internet and media. Internet connected applications will form a central part of Google TV, application such as twitter and YouTube would play a key part as a communication medium on Google TV. Although many disagree to Google TV as people feel Television is suppose to be at the centre of a home and feel this new innovation is rather confusing to the eye, others argue that this new invention would create something new that would bring all ones interest on one screen. The World Wide Web has ushered in a new age of news distribution. Prior to the development of the web, the public was at mercy of newspaper printing times and regularly scheduled news programs. Web technology has opened the doors for twenty-four-hour news and for customized reports delivered directly to computer screens at any time of a day. Electronically delivered news has inherent advantage over printed news in that it can put reports of current events on the air as soon as it happens. (Medoff and Kaye, 2001: p.155). People want to know whats going on in the world and that can now be accessed on the internet, news coverage from brazil can be accessed in China, the distribution of stories globally has kept people connected to parts of the world, People interested in stories such as the war in IRAQ or the shooting at a university in America or England can access it online and go into depth of the stories. Examples of newspapers that can be accessed online New York time, The Times, G uardian and The Sun etc. Broadcasting news such as the BBC also has a website of their own where individuals can access their news from; individuals rely on BBC to give them information that could possibly change their lives, protect and to communicate. Advertisers now Promotion and communication on the web as a way to get the attention from consumers, the four Ps in marketing involves publicity and promotional efforts beyond purchasing advertising space and responding to consumer feedback. The internet has opened ways for disseminating public relations messages to public. Public relations and the internet are both interactivity and the exchange of ideas, opinions, and information. Interactivity is the common bond between the internet and public relation. The internet provides public relations with a direct link to the public, and the public can in turn interact with public relations agencies and companies public relation departments (Kaye and Medoff, 2001: p.223) Email communication with reporters and the public electronic distribution of news releases via email and web pages. The internet and World Wide Web are the catalysts that set off the explosion of online services, multimedia information, and interactive technology that is c hanging the way goods and services are advertised and sold to consumers. Advertising on the web is a way to contact users globally. (Medoff and Kaye, 2001: p. 223). The internet is powerful but most importantly a global phenomenon; it is the process of communication in the world today that allows activities to be carried out in a knowledgeable and creative way. The internet is part of everyday life as without it one will feel incomplete; it is the source of entertainment, information and communication. The internet is the backbone of global computers mediated communication (CMC): it is the network that links up most computer networks (Castells, 2000: p.375). An example of a global internet phenomenon is Facebook, Facebook is not only a social network used to communicate with others but having 30 million worldwide users it is the largest social networking site with an education focus. The site which features classified advertisements and the exchange of goods and services has allowed users not only to network with friends but also to create links between people and groups with shared interest for them to promote their ideas to others, which has been proven to be an effective business tool examples of the activities that Facebook entails, marketing products, promoting events and connecting with customers/ fans, there is also a new networking site that is proven to almost take over Facebook which is Twitter, twitter is used by everyone to communicate with the world, celebrities use it and we get an update of what they are thinking and even what they are doing we get to meet and communicate with these people over the internet. Communication through the web can only be possible with the use of internet. Internet as a global communication network are dominated by individuals and organisation based in countries however globalisation is the force behind this, as the process has allowed internet to be a communication and information technology. In late modernity globalisation promotes the general good in any practical sense. The Internet is being used to achieve a great control over globalizing influences and globalised processes of communication in the world today. The internet is thus creating new opportunities for developing local sensitivity on a global scale, helping aid to remedy problems of global inequality rather than exacerbate them (Slevin, 2000: p. 212). Another method of communication, where you can access the internet wirelessly is mobile phones, mobile phones are very popular world wide as they are used by everyone not only to communicate by voice or text messaging but other features like surfing the web on your phone. Wi-Fi technologies bring alternative modes of accessing the internet; it has provided internet access to mobile phones users in poor countries where the technology is not popular. Horizontal networks of communication and multiple sources of information on a global scale create the possibility of a largely autonomous diffusion and exchange of information, ideas and initiatives. (Castells, 2007: p.258). In the 1990s the internet contributed to the growth of surveillance which then became a Global Sphere. The growth of the internet has provided new opportunities for surveillance where it is seen in the spheres of workplace, military, government and for personal use. To end the internet would forever have an impact in our lives, it would enhance the way we live and communicate to others, and it would enable us to create identities we share with the world. There are thousands of ways to transfer information and data, we have been giving opportunities to create businesses on a global scale, where we can communicate with business owners in other countries that might enhance ones business. With a click of a button one can access anything on the web which is what makes the internet a phenomenal. With the internet changing lives and developing as a form of information society it also plays a role in exposing people especially politicians and celebrities. Cyberspace is changing how we live our lives and one has to be careful especially living in the public eye. It was cyberspace that exposed the scandal about Bill Clinton; the story, posted on the web to audiences, changed how audiences perspective on him, as well as the scandals about Tiger Woods which also spiralled over the web, this could be seen as a negative to the internet and what it comes with. Technological change seems to have its own logic, which we may perhaps protest about or even try to block, but which we appear to be unable to alter fundamentally. (Kitchin, 2001: p.57) they are developed at any one time and placed in accord with a complex set of exciting rules or rational procedures, institutional histories, technical possibilities, and last, but not least, popular desirers (Kitchin, 2001: p.58). . Bibliography/ Referencing Deibert, R. J. 1997. Parchment, Printing and Hypermedia: Communication in New World Order Transformation. New York: Columbia University Press. Chapter 5 Kaye, B. K. and Medoff, N. J. 2001: The World Wide Web: A Mass Communication Perspective. London: Mayfield. Winston, B. 1998: Media Technology and Society. A History: From the Telegraph to the Internet. London: Routledge. Bakardjieva, M. 2005. Internet Society: The Internet in Everyday Life. London: Sage. Castells M, Fernandez- Ardevol M, Linchuan Qiu J and Sey A. 2007. Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective. Kitchin, R. 1998: Cyberspace: The World in Wires. Chapter 2 Websites http://www.rheingold.com/ Howard Rheingold http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee Tim Berners-Lee http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/8046801/What-is-Google-TV.html https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_2_1url=/webapps/blackboard/execute/launcher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_2878_1%26url%3D https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_2_1url=/webapps/blackboard/execute/launcher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_2878_1%26url%3D https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_group=coursesurl=/webapps/blackboard/content/contentWrapper.jsp%3Fattachment%3Dtrue%26navItem%3Dcontent%26content_id%3D_561171_1%26course_id%3D_2878_1%26displayName%3Dthe%2Bworld%2Bwide%2Bweb%2Bof%2Bsurveillance%2540%2Bthe%2Binternet%2Band%2Boff%2Bworld%2Bpower%2Bflows.pdf%26href%3D/%2540%2540/AA8A813A99BD4A059CE4EB843F104663/courses/1/MS2007/content/_561171_1/the%252520world%252520wide%252520web%252520of%252520surveillance%252540%252520the%252520internet%252520and%252520off%252520world%252520power%252520flows.pdf